Pierre Bezukhov, despite the opportunity to leave Moscow captured by the French, remained in the city in order to kill Napoleon. He saved the child from the fire without thinking about his life and without demanding gratitude. Pierre was not afraid for his life, the fate of the Russian people was dearer to him. The hero was ready to die, doing a truly useful act.

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"

Love - that's what prompted Margarita to make a deal with the devil. She was ready for anything, wanting only one thing - to see the Master again. Margarita went on self-sacrifice, agreeing to be the queen at the ball of Satan. She steadfastly withstood all the trials prepared by fate, and found her happiness.

I. Bunin "bast shoes"

In bad weather, Nefed decided to go to Novoselki to fulfill the wish of a sick child: the kid kept asking for red bast shoes. Nefed knew he was taking risks, but helping the child was more important to him than his own life. The hero died on the way back, and brand new bast shoes and fuchsin were found in his bosom.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Difficult life circumstances forced Sonya Marmeladova to go "on a yellow ticket." The girl sacrificed her dignity to help the family survive. And even in this seemingly terrible act, there is actually nothing wrong. The act of Sonya Marmeladova is to some extent worthy of respect.

The famous American poet and writer Eleanor Mary Sarton, known to millions of readers as May Sarton, owns the oft-quoted words: "Think like a hero - and you will behave like a decent person."

Much has been written about the role of heroism in people's lives. This virtue, which has a number of synonyms: courage, valor, courage, is manifested in the moral strength of its bearer. Moral strength allows him to follow the real, real service to the motherland, people, humanity. What is the problem with true heroism? Arguments can be used in different ways. But the main thing in them: true heroism is not blind. Various examples of heroism are not just overcoming certain circumstances. They all have one thing in common - they bring a sense of perspective to people's lives.

Many bright classics of literature, both Russian and foreign, sought and found their bright and unique arguments to cover the theme of the appearance of the phenomenon of valor. The problem of heroism, fortunately for us readers, is illuminated by the masters of the pen in a bright, non-trivial way. What is valuable in their works is that the classics immerse the reader into the spiritual world of the hero, whose lofty deeds are admired by millions of people. The topic of this article is a review of some of the works of the classics, in which there is a special approach to the issue of heroism and courage.

Heroes are all around us

Today, in the philistine psyche, unfortunately, a distorted concept of heroism prevails. immersed in their own problems, in their own little selfish world. Therefore, fresh and non-trivial arguments on the problem of heroism are fundamentally important for their consciousness. Believe me, we are surrounded by heroes. We simply do not notice them because our souls are short-sighted. Not only men perform feats. Take a closer look - a woman, according to the verdict of doctors, unable to give birth in principle - gives birth. Heroism can and does manifest itself by our contemporaries at the bedside, at the negotiating table, in the workplace, and even at the kitchen stove. You just need to learn to see it.

The literary image of God is like a tuning fork. Pasternak and Bulgakov

Sacrifice distinguishes true heroism. Many brilliant literary classics try to influence the beliefs of their readers by raising the bar for understanding the essence of heroism as high as possible. They find creative strength to uniquely convey the highest ideals to readers, telling in their own way about the feat of God, the son of man.

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak in Doctor Zhivago, an extremely honest work about his generation, writes about valor as the highest emblem of humanity. According to the writer, the problem of true heroism is revealed not in violence, but in virtue. He expresses his arguments through the uncle of the protagonist, N. N. Vedenyapin. He believes that the beast slumbering in each of us is not able to stop a tamer with a whip. But this is within the power of a preacher who sacrifices himself.

The classic of Russian literature, the son of a professor of theology, Mikhail Bulgakov, in his novel The Master and Margarita, presents us with his original literary interpretation of the image of the Messiah - Yeshua Ha-Nozri. The preaching of Good, with which Jesus came to people, is a dangerous business. Words of truth, conscience, running counter to the foundations of society, are fraught with death for those who uttered them. Even the procurator of Judea, who, without hesitation, can come to the aid of Mark the Rat-Slayer, surrounded by the Germans, is afraid to tell the truth (while he secretly agrees with the views of Ga-Nozri.) The peaceful messiah courageously follows his fate, and the battle-hardened Roman commander is a coward. Bulgakov's arguments are convincing. The problem of heroism for him is closely connected with the organic unity of worldview, worldview, word and deed.

Arguments of Henryk Sienkiewicz

The image of Jesus in a halo of courage also appears in Henryk Sienkiewicz's novel Kamo Gryadeshi. Bright finds the Polish literary classic shades to create a unique plot situation in his famous novel.

After Jesus was crucified and resurrected, he came to Rome, following his mission: to convert the Eternal City to Christianity. However, he, an inconspicuous traveler, having barely arrived, becomes a witness to the solemn entry of the emperor Nero. Peter is shocked by the worship of the Romans to the emperor. He does not know what arguments to find for this phenomenon. The problem of heroism, the courage of a person who ideologically opposes the dictator, is covered, starting with Peter's fear that the mission will not be completed. He, having lost faith in himself, flees from the Eternal City. However, leaving behind the city walls, the apostle saw Jesus in human form coming towards them. Stunned by what he saw, Peter asked the Messiah where he was going: “Where are you going?” Jesus replied that since Peter had left his people, he had only one thing to do - to go to the crucifixion a second time. True service certainly involves courage. Shocked Peter returns to Rome...

The theme of courage in "War and Peace"

Russian classical literature is rich in discussions about the essence of heroism. Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy in his epic novel "War and Peace" raised a number of philosophical questions. In the image of Prince Andrei, following the path of a warrior, the writer put his own special arguments. The problem of heroism and courage is painfully rethought and evolving in the mind of the young Prince Bolkonsky. His youthful dream - to accomplish a feat - is inferior to understanding and awareness of the essence of the war. To be a hero, and not to appear - this is how the life priorities of Prince Andrei change after the battle of Shengraben.

Staff officer Bolkonsky understands that the real hero of this battle is the battery commander Modest, who is lost in the presence of his superiors. The object of ridicule adjutants. The battery of a small and frail nondescript captain did not flinch in front of the invincible French, inflicted damage on them and made it possible for the main forces to retreat in an organized manner. Tushin acted on a whim, he did not receive an order to cover the rear of the army. Understanding the essence of the war - these were his arguments. The problem of heroism is rethought by Prince Bolkonsky, he abruptly changes his career and, with the assistance of M. I. Kutuzov, becomes the commander of the regiment. In the Battle of Borodino, he, who raised the regiment to attack, is seriously wounded. Napoleon Bonaparte sees the body of a Russian officer with a banner in his hands. The reaction of the French emperor is respect: "What a beautiful death!" However, for Bolkonsky, the act of heroism coincides with the realization of the integrity of the world, the importance of compassion.

Harper Lee "To Kill a Mockingbird"

Comprehension of the essence of the feat is also present in a number of works by American classics. The novel "To Kill a Mockingbird" is studied in schools by all little Americans. It contains an original discourse on the essence of courage. This idea sounds from the lips of the lawyer Atticus, a man of honor, taking on a fair, but by no means profitable business. His arguments for the problem of heroism are as follows: courage is when you take on a task, while knowing in advance that you will lose. But still you take it and go to the end. And sometimes you still manage to win.

Melanie by Margaret Mitchell

In a novel about the American South of the 19th century, he creates a unique image of the fragile and refined, but at the same time courageous and brave Lady Melanie.

She is sure that there is something good in all people, and is ready to help them. Her modest, neat house is becoming famous in Atlanta thanks to the sincerity of the owners. In the most dangerous periods of her life, Scarlett receives such help from Melanie that it is impossible to appreciate.

Hemingway on heroism

And of course, you can not get around Hemingway's classic story "The Old Man and the Sea", which tells about the nature of courage and heroism. The fight of the elderly Cuban Santiago with a huge fish is reminiscent of a parable. Hemingway's arguments on the problem of heroism are symbolic. The sea is like life, and old Santiago is like a human experience. The writer utters the words that have become the leitmotif of true heroism: “Man was not created to suffer defeat. You can destroy it, but you can't defeat it!"

Strugatsky brothers "Picnic by the road"

The story introduces its readers into a phantasmagoric situation. Obviously, after the arrival of aliens, an anomalous zone formed on Earth. Stalkers find the "heart" of this zone, which has a unique property. A person who enters this territory receives a tough alternative: either he dies, or the zone fulfills any of his desires. The Strugatskys skillfully show the spiritual evolution of a hero who has decided on this feat. His catharsis is convincingly shown. The stalker does not have anything selfish mercantile, he thinks in terms of humanity and, accordingly, asks the zone for "happiness for everyone", but such that they are not deprived of it. What, according to the Strugatskys, is the problem of heroism? Arguments from literature testify that it is empty without compassion and humanism.

Boris Polevoy "The Tale of a Real Man"

There was a period in the history of the Russian people when heroism became truly massive. Thousands of warriors immortalized their names. The high title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded to eleven thousand fighters. At the same time, 104 people were awarded it twice. And three people - three times. The first person to receive this high title was ace pilot Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin. Only in one day - 04/12/1943 - he shot down seven planes of the fascist invaders!

Of course, forgetting and not conveying such examples of heroism to new generations is like a crime. This should be done using the example of Soviet "military" literature - these are the arguments of the Unified State Examination. The problem of heroism is highlighted to schoolchildren on examples from the works of Boris Polevoy, Mikhail Sholokhov, Boris Vasiliev.

Front correspondent of the newspaper "Pravda" Boris Polevoy was shocked by the story of the pilot of the 580th fighter regiment Alexei Maresyev. In the winter of 1942, he was shot down over the sky of the Novgorod region. Wounded in the legs, the pilot crawled to his own for 18 days. He survived, got there, but gangrene "ate" his legs. Amputation followed. In the hospital where Alexei was lying after the operation, there was also a political instructor. He managed to ignite Maresyev's dream - to return to the sky as a fighter pilot. Overcoming the pain, Alexey learned not only to walk on prostheses, but also to dance. The apotheosis of the story is the first air battle conducted by the pilot after being wounded.

The medical board "surrendered". During the war, the real Alexei Maresyev shot down 11 enemy aircraft, and most of them - seven - after being wounded.

Soviet writers have convincingly revealed the problem of heroism. Arguments from the literature testify that feats were performed not only by men, but also by women called to serve. The story of Boris Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet" is striking in its drama. A large sabotage group of fascists, numbering 16 people, landed in the Soviet rear.

Young girls (Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Sonya Gurevich, Galya Chetvertak) are dying heroically, serving at 171 railway sidings under the command of foreman Fedot Vaskov. However, they destroy 11 fascists. The foreman discovers the remaining five in the hut. He kills one and captures four. Then he surrenders the prisoners to his own, losing consciousness from fatigue.

"Destiny of Man"

This story by Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov introduces us to the former Red Army soldier - driver Andrei Sokolov. Simply and convincingly revealed by the writer and heroism. Arguments that touch the soul of the reader did not have to look for a long time. In almost every family, the war brought grief. Andrei Sokolov had it in abundance: in 1942, his wife Irina and two daughters died (a bomb hit a residential building). My son miraculously survived and after this tragedy he volunteered for the front. Andrei himself fought, was captured by the Nazis, and fled from him. However, a new tragedy awaited him: in 1945, on May 9, a sniper killed his son.

Andrei himself, having lost his entire family, found the strength to start life "from scratch". He adopted a homeless boy Vanya, becoming his adoptive father. This moral feat again fills his life with meaning.

Conclusion

Such are the arguments to the problem of heroism in classical literature. The latter is really capable of supporting a person, awakening courage in him. Although she is not able to help him financially, she raises a border in his soul that Evil cannot cross. This is how Remarque wrote about the books in the Arc de Triomphe. The argumentation of heroism in classical literature occupies a worthy place.

Heroism can also be presented as a social phenomenon of a kind of "self-preservation instinct", but not of individual life, but of the whole society. A part of society, a separate "cell" - a person (feats are performed by the most worthy), consciously, driven by altruism and spirituality, sacrifices himself, preserving something more. Classical literature is one of the tools that helps people understand and comprehend the non-linear nature of courage.

This is the end of schooling. Now the focus of all students It's no secret that a very large number of points can be obtained by writing an essay. That is why in this article we will write in detail a plan for an essay and discuss the most common topic in the exam, the problem of courage. Of course, there are quite a few topics: the attitude to the Russian language, the role of mother, teacher, childhood in a person's life, and many others. A particular difficulty for students is the argumentation of the problem of courage.

Many talented writers have devoted their works to the theme of heroism and courage, but they do not settle so firmly in our memory. In this regard, we will refresh them a bit and give the best arguments to defend your point of view from fiction.

Essay plan

To begin with, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the correct essay plan, which, if all the points are available, will bring you the maximum possible points.

The composition of the exam in the Russian language is very different from an essay in social science, literature, and so on. This work has a strict form, which is better not to break. So, what does the plan of our future essay look like:

1. Introduction. What is the purpose of this paragraph? We need to smoothly bring our reader to the main problem raised in the text. This is a small paragraph that consists of three or four sentences, but clearly relates to the topic of your essay.
2. Problem designation. In this part, we say that we have read the text proposed for analysis and identified one of the problems. When you state a problem, think about the arguments beforehand. As a rule, there are two or more of them in the text, choose the most beneficial for you.
3. Your comment. You need to explain and characterize it. This should take you no more than seven sentences.
4. Note the position of the author, what he thinks and how he relates to the problem. Maybe he's trying to do something?
5. your position. You must write whether you agree with the author of the text or not, justify your answer.
6. Arguments. There should be two of them (from literature, history, personal experience). Teachers still offer to rely on arguments from the literature.
7. Concluding no more than three sentences. Draw a conclusion to everything that you have said, sum it up. There is also such a variant of ending as a rhetorical question. It will make you think, and the essay will be completed quite spectacularly.

As you can see from the plan, the hardest part is the argument. Now we will select examples for the problem of courage, we will use exclusively literary sources.

"Destiny of Man"

The theme of the problem of courage is the main idea of ​​Mikhail Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man". Selflessness and courage are the basic concepts that characterize the protagonist Andrei Sokolov. Our character is able to step over all the obstacles that fate has prepared for him, to carry his cross with his head held high. He shows these qualities not only during military service, but also in captivity.

It seemed that the worst was over, but the trouble does not come alone, there is another very difficult test ahead - the death of people close to him. Now Andrei speaks selflessness, he gathered his last strength into a fist and visited the very place where there was once a quiet and family life.

"And the dawns here are quiet"

The problem of courage and stamina is also reflected in such a work as Vasiliev's story. Only here these qualities are attributed to fragile and delicate creatures - girls. This work tells that Russian women can also be real heroes, fight on an equal footing with men and defend their interests even in such global senses.

The author tells about the difficult fate of several women who are completely different from each other, who were brought together by a great misfortune - the Great Patriotic War. Although their lives used to develop in different ways, but the end was the same for everyone - death during the performance of a combat mission.

A story about a real person

Which is also found in many in the "Tale of a Real Man" by Boris Polevoy.

The work deals with the plight of the pilot, who loved the sky very much. For him, flight is the meaning of life, like wings for a bird. But they were cut off by a German fighter. Despite his injuries, Meresyev crawled through the forest for a very long time, he had neither water nor food. He overcame this difficulty, but more were waiting for him ahead. He lost his legs, he had to learn how to use prostheses, but this man was so strong in spirit that he even learned to dance on them.

Despite a large number of obstacles, Meresyev regained his wings. The heroism and selflessness of the hero can only be envied.

"Not listed"

Since we are interested in the problem of courage, we selected arguments from the literature about the war and the hard fate of the heroes. Also, Boris Vasilyev’s novel “He Was Not on the Lists” is dedicated to the fate of Nikolai, who had just graduated from college, went to work and came under fire. He did not appear at all in any documents, but it did not occur to him to run away like a “rat from a ship”, he bravely fought and defended the honor of his homeland.

Here is a bank of arguments for an essay on the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. It is devoted to the military theme. Each problem is accompanied by literary examples, which are necessary for writing the highest quality paper. The heading corresponds to the problem statement, under the heading there are arguments (3-5 pieces depending on the complexity). You can also download these table arguments(link at the end of the article). We hope that they will help you in preparing for the exam.

1. In Vasil Bykov's story "Sotnikov" Rybak betrayed his homeland, afraid of torture. When two comrades, in search of provisions for a partisan detachment, ran into the invaders, they were forced to retreat and hide in the village. However, the enemies found them in the house of a local resident and decided to interrogate them with violence. Sotnikov passed the test with honor, but his friend joined the punishers. He decided to become a policeman, although he intended to run away to his own at the first opportunity. However, this act forever crossed out the future of Rybak. Having knocked out props from under the feet of a comrade, he became a traitor and a vile murderer who is not worthy of forgiveness.
2. In Alexander Pushkin's novel The Captain's Daughter, cowardice turned into a personal tragedy for the hero: he lost everything. Trying to win the favor of Marya Mironova, he decided to be cunning and cunning, and not to behave courageously. And so, at the decisive moment, when the Belgorod fortress was captured by the rebels, and Masha's parents were brutally murdered, Alexei did not stand up for them, did not protect the girl, but changed into a simple dress and joined the invaders, saving his life. His cowardice finally repulsed the heroine, and even being in his captivity, she proudly and adamantly resisted his caresses. In her opinion, it is better to die than to be at one with a coward and a traitor.
3. In the work of Valentin Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei deserts and resorts to his home, to his native village. Unlike him, his wife was a courageous and devoted woman, so she, risking herself, covers her runaway husband. He lives in the neighboring forest, and she carries everything he needs in secret from the neighbors. But Nastya's absences became public. Her fellow villagers followed her in a boat. To save Andrey, Nastena drowned herself without betraying the deserter. But the coward in her face lost everything: love, salvation, family. His fear of war killed the only person who loved him.
4. In Tolstoy's story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" two heroes are contrasted: Zhilin and Kostygin. While one, being captured by the highlanders, boldly fights for his freedom, the other humbly waits for his relatives to pay a ransom. Fear blinds his eyes, and he does not understand that this money will support the rebels and their struggle against his compatriots. In the first place for him is only his own fate, and he does not care about the interests of his homeland. It is obvious that cowardice manifests itself in war and exposes such traits of nature as selfishness, weakness of character and insignificance.

Overcoming fear in war

1. In Vsevolod Garshin's story "Coward" the hero is afraid to disappear in the name of someone's political ambitions. He is worried that he, with all his plans and dreams, will turn out to be only a surname and initials in a dry newspaper summary. He does not understand why he needs to fight and risk himself, why all these sacrifices. His friends, of course, say that he is driven by cowardice. They gave him food for thought, and he decided to sign up as a volunteer for the front. The hero realized that he was sacrificing himself for the sake of a great cause - the salvation of his people and homeland. He died, but he was happy, because he took a really significant step, and his life acquired meaning.
2. In Mikhail Sholokhov's story The Fate of Man, Andrey Sokolov overcomes the fear of death and does not agree to drink for the victory of the Third Reich, as required by the commandant. For incitement to rebellion and disrespect for the guards, he already faces punishment. The only way to avoid death is to accept Muller's toast, to betray the motherland in words. Of course, the man wanted to live, he was afraid of torture, but honor and dignity were dearer to him. Mentally and spiritually, he fought against the invaders, even standing in front of the head of the camp. And he defeated him by willpower, refusing to obey his order. The enemy recognized the superiority of the Russian spirit and rewarded the soldier who, even in captivity, overcomes fear and defends the interests of his country.
3. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Pierre Bezukhov is afraid to take part in hostilities: he is clumsy, timid, weak, and not fit for military service. However, seeing the scope and horror of the Patriotic War of 1812, he decided to go alone and kill Napoleon. He was not at all obliged to go to besieged Moscow and risk himself, with his money and influence he could sit out in a secluded corner of Russia. But he goes to help the people somehow. Pierre, of course, does not kill the emperor of the French, but he saves the girl from the fire, and this is already a lot. He conquered his fear and did not hide from the war.

The problem of imaginary and real heroism

1. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Fyodor Dolokhov shows excessive cruelty during military operations. He takes pleasure in violence, while always demanding awards and praise for his imaginary heroism, in which there is more vanity than courage. For example, he grabbed an officer who had already surrendered by the collar and insisted for a long time that it was he who had taken him prisoner. While soldiers like Timokhin modestly and simply did their duty, Fyodor boasted and boasted of his exaggerated achievements. He did this not for the sake of saving the motherland, but for the sake of self-affirmation. This is false, fake heroism.
2. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Andrei Bolkonsky goes to war for the sake of his career, and not for the bright future of his country. He only cares about the glory that, for example, Napoleon got. In pursuit of her, he leaves his pregnant wife alone. Once in the battlefield, the prince rushes into a bloody battle, calling on many people to sacrifice themselves with him. However, his throw did not change the outcome of the battle, but only provided new losses. Realizing this, Andrei realizes the insignificance of his motives. From that moment on, he no longer pursues recognition, he is only concerned about the fate of his native country, and only for her is he ready to return to the front and sacrifice himself.
3. In the story of Vasil Bykov "Sotnikov" Rybak was known as a strong and courageous fighter. He was strong in health and mighty in appearance. In fights, he was unmatched. But the real test showed that all his actions are just empty bragging. Fearing torture, Rybak accepts the enemy's offer and becomes a policeman. There was not a drop of real courage in his feigned courage, so he could not withstand the moral pressure of the fear of pain and death. Unfortunately, imaginary virtues are recognized only in trouble, and his comrades did not know who they trusted.
4. In Boris Vasiliev's story "He Was Not on the Lists", the hero alone defends the Brest Fortress, all the other defenders of which fell dead. Nikolay Pluzhnikov himself can hardly stand on his feet, but he still fulfills his duty until the end of his life. Someone, of course, will say that it is reckless of him. There is safety in numbers. But I still think that in his position this is the only right choice, because he will not get out and not join the combat-ready units. So isn't it better to give the last fight than to waste a bullet on yourself? In my opinion, Pluzhnikov's act is a feat of a real man who looks the truth in the eye.
5. Viktor Astafiev's novel "Cursed and Killed" describes dozens of the fates of ordinary children who were driven into the most difficult conditions by the war: hunger, mortal risk, illness and constant fatigue. They are not soldiers, but ordinary inhabitants of villages and villages, prisons and camps: illiterate, cowardly, stingy and not even very honest. All of them are just cannon fodder in battle, many of them are of no use. What drives them? The desire to curry favor and get a deferment or a job in the city? Hopelessness? Maybe their stay at the front is recklessness? You can answer in different ways, but I still think that their sacrifices and modest contribution to the victory are not in vain, but necessary. I am sure that their behavior is controlled by a not always conscious, but true force - love for the fatherland. The author shows how and why it manifests itself in each of the characters. Therefore, I consider their courage genuine.

Mercy and indifference in the atmosphere of hostilities

1. In Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Berg, the husband of Vera Rostova, shows blasphemous indifference to his compatriots. During the evacuation from the besieged Moscow, he takes advantage of the grief and confusion of people, buying their rare and valuable things cheaper. He does not care about the fate of the fatherland, he only looks into his pocket. The troubles of the surrounding refugees, frightened and crushed by the war, do not touch him in any way. At the same time, the peasants burn all their property, so long as it does not go to the enemy. They burn houses, kill livestock, destroy entire villages. For the sake of victory, they risk everything, go into the forests and live as one family. In contrast, Tolstoy shows indifference and compassion, contrasting the dishonest elite and the poor, who turned out to be richer spiritually.
2. Alexander Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin" describes the unity of the people in the face of a deadly threat. In the chapter "Two Soldiers", the old people greet Vasily and even feed him, spending precious food supplies on a stranger. In exchange for hospitality, the hero fixes watches and other utensils for the elderly couple, and also entertains them with encouraging conversations. Although the old woman is reluctant to get a treat, Terkin does not reproach her, because he understands how hard it is for them to live in the village, where there is not even anyone to help chop firewood - everyone is at the front. However, even different people find a common language and sympathize with each other when clouds have gathered over their homeland. This unity was the author's call.
3. In Vasil Bykov's story "Sotnikov", Demchikha hides the partisans, despite the mortal risk. She hesitates, being scared and driven by a village woman, not a cover heroine. Before us is a living person not without weaknesses. She is not happy with uninvited guests, policemen are circling around the village, and if they find something, no one will survive. And yet compassion in a woman takes over: she shelters the resistance fighters. And her feat did not go unnoticed: during interrogation with torture and torture, Sotnikov does not betray his patroness, carefully trying to shield her, shift the blame on himself. Thus, mercy in war breeds mercy, and cruelty breeds only cruelty.
4. In Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, some episodes are described that indicate the manifestation of indifference and responsiveness in relation to prisoners. The Russian people saved officer Rambal and his batman from death. The frozen French themselves came to the enemy camp, they were dying of frostbite and hunger. Our compatriots showed mercy: they fed them porridge, poured them warming vodka, and even carried the officer in their arms to the tent. But the invaders were less compassionate: the familiar Frenchman did not stand up for Bezukhov, seeing him in a crowd of prisoners. The count himself barely survived, receiving the meager rations in prison and walking through the frost on a leash. Under such conditions, the weakened Platon Karataev died, to whom none of the enemies even thought to give porridge with vodka. The example of Russian soldiers is instructive: it demonstrates the truth that one must remain human in war.
5. An interesting example was described by Alexander Pushkin in the novel The Captain's Daughter. Pugachev, the ataman of the rebels, showed mercy and pardoned Peter, respecting his kindness and generosity. The young man once presented him with a sheepskin coat, not stinting on helping a stranger from the common people. Emelyan continued to do him good even after the "retribution", because in the war he strove for justice. But Empress Catherine showed indifference to the fate of the officer devoted to her and surrendered only to the persuasion of Marya. In the war, she showed barbaric cruelty, arranging the execution of the rebels in the square. It is not surprising that the people went against her despotic power. Only compassion can help a person stop the destructive power of hatred and enmity.

Moral choice in war

1. In Gogol's story "Taras Bulba", the youngest son of the protagonist is at the crossroads between love and homeland. He chooses the first, forever renouncing his family and homeland. His choice was not accepted by his comrades. The father was especially grieving, because the only chance to restore the honor of the family was the murder of a traitor. The military brotherhood took revenge for the death of their loved ones and for the oppression of faith, Andriy trampled on holy revenge, and Taras also made his difficult but necessary choice for defending this idea. He kills his son, proving to fellow soldiers that the most important thing for him, as chieftain, is the salvation of the motherland, and not petty interests. So he forever holds the Cossack partnership, which will fight against the "Poles" even after his death.
2. In Leo Tolstoy's story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" the heroine also made a desperate decision. Dina liked the Russian man, who was forcibly kept by her relatives, friends, her people. Before her was a choice between kinship and love, the bonds of duty and the dictates of feeling. She hesitated, thought, decided, but could not help but understand that Zhilin was not worthy of such a fate. He is kind, strong and honest, but he has no money for ransom, and this is not his fault. Despite the fact that the Tatars and Russians fought, that one captured the other, the girl made a moral choice in favor of justice, not cruelty. This, probably, expresses the superiority of children over adults: even in the struggle they show less anger.
3. Remarque's novel All Quiet on the Western Front depicts the image of a military commissar who called high school students, still boys, to the First World War. At the same time, we remember from history that Germany did not defend itself, but attacked, that is, the guys went to their death for the sake of other people's ambitions. However, their hearts were set on fire by the words of this dishonorable man. So, the main characters went to the front. And only there they realized that their agitator was a coward, sitting in the rear. He sends young men to perish, while he himself sits at home. His choice is immoral. He denounces the weak-willed hypocrite in this seemingly courageous officer.
4. In Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin", the protagonist swims across an icy river in order to bring important reports to the attention of the command. He plunges into the water under fire, risking freezing to death or drowning by grabbing an enemy bullet. But Vasily makes a choice in favor of duty - an idea that is greater than himself. He contributes to the victory, thinking not about himself, but about the outcome of the operation.

Mutual Aid and Selfishness at the forefront

1. In Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", Natasha Rostova is ready to give up the carts to the wounded in order to help them escape the persecution of the French and leave the besieged city. She is ready to lose valuable things, despite the fact that her family is on the verge of ruin. It's all about her upbringing: the Rostovs were always ready to help and rescue a person from trouble. Relationships are more valuable to them than money. But Berg, the husband of Vera Rostova, during the evacuation, bargained for cheap things from frightened people in order to make capital. Alas, in war, not everyone can stand the test of morality. The true face of a person, an egoist or a benefactor, will always show itself.
2. In Leo Tolstoy's Sevastopol Tales, the "circle of aristocrats" demonstrates the unpleasant character traits of the nobility who ended up in the war because of vanity. For example, Galtsin is a coward, everyone knows about it, but no one talks about it, because he is a high-born nobleman. He lazily offers his help on a sortie, but everyone hypocritically dissuades him, knowing that he will not go anywhere, and there is little use from him. This person is a cowardly egoist who thinks only of himself, not paying attention to the needs of the fatherland and the tragedy of his own people. At the same time, Tolstoy describes the silent feat of doctors who work overtime and restrain their nerves from the horror they see. They will not be awarded or promoted, they do not care about this, because they have one goal - to save as many soldiers as possible.
3. In Mikhail Bulgakov's novel The White Guard, Sergei Talberg leaves his wife and flees a country torn by civil war. He selfishly and cynically leaves in Russia everything that was dear to him, everything to which he swore to be faithful to the end. Elena was taken under protection by the brothers, who, unlike their relative, until the last served the one to whom they took the oath. They protected and comforted the abandoned sister, because all the conscientious people united under the burden of the threat. For example, an outstanding feat is performed by the commander of Nai-Tours, saving the junkers from inevitable death in a futile battle. He himself perishes, but helps the innocent and deceived by the hetman young men to save their lives and leave the besieged city.

The negative impact of war on society

1. In Mikhail Sholokhov's novel The Quiet Flows the Don, the entire Cossack people becomes a victim of the war. The former way of life is crumbling due to fratricidal strife. Breadwinners die, children get out of control, widows go crazy with grief and the unbearable yoke of labor. The fate of absolutely all the heroes is tragic: Aksinya and Peter die, Daria becomes infected with syphilis and commits suicide, Grigory becomes disillusioned with life, Natalya dies alone and forgotten, Mikhail becomes stale and impudent, Dunyasha runs away and lives unhappily. All generations are in discord, brother goes against brother, the earth is orphaned, because in the heat of battle they forgot about it. In the end, the civil war resulted only in devastation and grief, and not in the bright future that all the warring parties promised.
2. In Mikhail Lermontov's poem "Mtsyri" the hero became another victim of the war. He was picked up by a Russian military man, forcibly taken away from his home and, probably, would have further controlled his fate if the boy had not fallen ill. Then his almost lifeless body was thrown into the care of the monks in a nearby monastery. Mtsyri grew up, he was prepared for the fate of a novice, and then a clergyman, but he never reconciled himself to the arbitrariness of the kidnappers. The young man wanted to return to his homeland, reunite with his family, quench his thirst for love and life. However, he was deprived of all this, because he was just a prisoner, and even after escaping, he ended up back in his prison. This story is an echo of the war, as the struggle of countries cripples the fate of ordinary people.
3. In Nikolai Gogol's novel "Dead Souls" there is an insert that is a separate story. This is a story about Captain Kopeikin. It tells about the fate of a cripple who became a victim of the war. In the battle for his homeland, he became disabled. Hoping to receive a pension or some kind of assistance, he arrived in the capital and began to visit officials. However, they hardened in their comfortable workplaces and only drove the poor man away, in no way facilitating his suffering-filled life. Alas, the constant wars in the Russian Empire gave rise to many such cases, so no one really reacted to them. You can't really blame anyone here. Society became indifferent and cruel, so people defended themselves from constant anxieties and losses.
4. In Varlam Shalamov's story "The Last Battle of Major Pugachev", the main characters, who honestly defended their homeland during the war, ended up in a labor camp in their homeland because they were once captured by the Germans. No one took pity on these worthy people, no one showed condescension, and yet they are not guilty of being captured. And it's not just about cruel and unfair politicians, it's about the people, who have hardened from constant grief, from inescapable hardships. Society itself indifferently listened to the suffering of innocent soldiers. And they, too, were forced to kill the guards, run away and shoot back, because the massacre made them the same: merciless, angry and desperate.

Children and women at the front

1. In Boris Vasiliev's story "The Dawns Here Are Quiet" the main characters are women. Of course, they were more afraid than men to go to war, each of them had close and dear people. Rita even left her son's parents. However, the girls fight selflessly and do not retreat, although they confront sixteen soldiers. Each of them fights heroically, each overcomes her fear of death in the name of saving the motherland. Their feat is perceived especially hard, because fragile women have no place on the battlefield. However, they destroyed this stereotype and defeated the fear that fetters even more suitable fighters.
2. In Boris Vasiliev's novel "Not on the Lists", the last defenders of the Brest Fortress are trying to save women and children from starvation. They don't have enough water and supplies. With pain in their hearts, the soldiers escort them to German captivity, there is no other way out. However, the enemies did not spare even future mothers. Pluzhnikov's pregnant wife, Mirra, is beaten with boots and pierced with a bayonet. Her mutilated corpse is pelted with bricks. The tragedy of war lies in the fact that it dehumanizes people, releasing all their hidden vices.
3. In the work of Arkady Gaidar "Timur and his team" the characters are not soldiers, but young pioneers. While a fierce battle continues on the fronts, they, as best they can, help the fatherland to stand in trouble. The guys do hard work for widows, orphans and single mothers, who even have no one to chop firewood. They secretly perform all these tasks, without waiting for praise and honors. For them, the main thing is to make their modest but important contribution to the victory. Their destinies are also crumpled by the war. Zhenya, for example, grows up in the care of her older sister, while they see their father once every few months. However, this does not prevent children from fulfilling their little civic duty.

The problem of nobility and meanness in battle

1. In Boris Vasiliev's novel "Not on the Lists", Mirra is forced to surrender when she discovers that she is pregnant by Nikolai. There is no water and food in their shelter, young people miraculously survive, because they are being hunted. But then a lame Jewish girl gets out of the underground to save the life of her child. Pluzhnikov is vigilantly watching her. However, she failed to blend in with the crowd. So that her husband does not give himself away, does not go to save her, she moves away, and Nikolai does not see how his wife is beaten by rabid invaders, how they wound her with a bayonet, how they fill up her body with bricks. There is so much nobility in this act of hers, so much love and self-sacrifice that it is difficult to perceive it without internal shudder. The fragile woman turned out to be stronger, more courageous and nobler than the representatives of the "chosen nation" and the stronger sex.
2. In Nikolai Gogol's story "Taras Bulba", Ostap shows true nobility in the conditions of war, when even under torture he does not utter a single cry. He did not give the enemy a spectacle and rejoicing, defeating him spiritually. In his dying words, he only turned to his father, whom he did not expect to hear. But heard. And I realized that their cause is alive, which means that he is alive. In this self-denial in the name of an idea, his rich and strong nature was revealed. But the idle crowd surrounding him is a symbol of human baseness, because people have gathered to savor the pain of another person. This is terrible, and Gogol emphasizes how terrible the face of this motley audience is, how disgusting its murmuring is. He contrasted her cruelty with the virtue of Ostap, and we understand which side the author is on in this conflict.
3. The nobility and baseness of a person is truly manifested only in emergency situations. For example, in Vasil Bykov's story "Sotnikov" two heroes behaved completely differently, although they lived side by side in the same detachment. The fisherman betrayed his country, his friends, his duty for fear of pain and death. He became a policeman and even helped his new comrades to hang a former partner. Sotnikov did not think about himself, although he suffered torment from torture. He tried to save Demchikha, his former friend, to avert trouble from the detachment. Therefore, he blamed everything on himself. This noble man did not allow himself to be broken and gave his life for his homeland with dignity.

The problem of responsibility and negligence of fighters

1. Leo Tolstoy's "Sevastopol Tales" describes the irresponsibility of many fighters. They only show off in front of each other, and go to work only for the sake of promotion. They do not think about the outcome of the battle at all, they are only interested in rewards. For example, Mikhailov only cares about making friends with a circle of aristocrats and getting some benefits from the service. When he is wounded, he even refuses to bandage him, so that everyone is struck by the sight of blood, because a reward is due for a serious injury. Therefore, it is not surprising that in the finale Tolstoy describes precisely the defeat. With such an attitude to one's duty to the motherland, it is impossible to win.
2. In The Tale of Igor's Campaign, an unknown author tells of Prince Igor's instructive campaign against the Polovtsians. In an effort to gain easy glory, he leads a squad against nomads, neglecting the truce. Russian troops defeat the enemies, but at night the nomads take the sleeping and drunken warriors by surprise, many are killed, the rest are taken prisoner. The young prince repented of his folly, but it was too late: the squad was killed, his patrimony was without a master, his wife was in grief, like the whole people. The antipode of the frivolous ruler is the wise Svyatoslav, who says that the Russian lands need to be united, and you should not just meddle with enemies. He responsibly treats his mission and condemns Igor's vanity. His "Golden Word" subsequently became the basis of the political system of Rus'.
3. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, two types of commanders are opposed to each other: Kutuzov and Alexander the First. One protects his people, puts the well-being of the army above victory, and the other thinks only about the quick success of the case, and he doesn’t give a damn about the sacrifices of the soldiers. Due to the illiterate and short-sighted decisions of the Russian emperor, the army suffered losses, the soldiers were dejected and confused. But Kutuzov's tactics brought Russia complete deliverance from the enemy with minimal losses. Therefore, it is very important to be a responsible and humane leader at the battlefield.

The school year has come to an end. It's time for exams for 11th grade students. As you know, in order to get a school certificate, you must pass two main exams: in mathematics and the Russian language. But also a few more items to choose from.

The nuances of essays in the Russian language on the exam

To get the maximum points for passing, you need to correctly write an essay, that is, the third part. In part "C" there are many topics for essays. The organizers of the exam offer written papers about friendship, love, childhood, motherhood, science, duty, honor, and so on. One of the most difficult topics is the problem of courage and resilience. You will find arguments for it in our article. But that is not all. Your attention is also offered a plan according to which you need to write an essay on the exam in Russian in grade 11.

Many authors wrote about the war. Only, unfortunately, these works, like many others, do not linger in the memory of children. We propose to recall the most striking works in which you can find examples of courage and feat.

The plan of the final essay on the exam in the Russian language

Checking teachers give a large number of points for an essay that has the correct composition. If you use our Courage Writing Plan, teachers will appreciate your work. But do not forget about literacy.

Remember that an essay in the Russian language on the unified state exam is significantly different from written works in social science, history and literature. It must be compositionally correct.

And we are moving on to a plan for a future essay on the problem of courage and steadfastness. The arguments will be given below.

1. Introduction. Why do you think it is needed? The thing is that the graduate needs to bring the inspector to the main problem that is considered in the text. As a rule, this is a small paragraph, consisting of 3-5 sentences on the topic.

2. Statement of the problem. In this part, the graduate writes that he identified the problem. Attention! When you indicate it, think carefully and find the arguments in the text (there are about 3 of them in the fragment).

3. Commentary of the graduate. In this paragraph, the student explains to the reader the problem of the read text, and also characterizes it. The volume of this paragraph - no more than 7 sentences.

5. Own point of view. At this point, the student must write whether he agrees with the author of the text or not. In any case, you need to justify your answer, in our case, on the issue of courage and perseverance. The arguments are given in the next paragraph.

6. Evidence from works of art or arguments from life. Most teachers insist that graduates give 2-3 arguments from works of fiction.

7. Conclusion. As a rule, it consists of 3 sentences. At this point, the task of the graduate is to conclude everything that has been said above, that is, to sum up a certain result. The conclusion will sound more effective if you complete the essay with a rhetorical question.

Many examinees note that the point of argumentation is the most difficult for them to give. Therefore, we have selected for you examples of courage in literature.

Mikhail Sholokhov. The story "The fate of man"

You can also show resilience in captivity. Soviet soldier Andrei Sokolov is captured. He then ends up in a death camp. One evening, the camp commandant calls him and invites him to raise a glass of vodka for the victory of fascist weapons. Sokolov refuses to do so. Among them was a drunk Muller. He offers the prisoner to drink for his own death.

Andrei agreed, took a glass and immediately drank it, without having a bite. Taking a deep breath, he said, "Paint me." The company of drunken German officers appreciated the courage and steadfastness. Argument #1 for your essay is ready. It should be noted that this story ended successfully for the captured soldier Sokolov.

Lev Tolstoy. Epic novel "War and Peace"

It was considered not only in the literature of the second half of the twentieth century, but also a century earlier. When we read this novel at literature lessons, we involuntarily became witnesses of the courage and stamina of the Russian people. Leo Tolstoy wrote that during the battle the command did not tell the soldiers what to do. Everything went by itself. Wounded soldiers were taken to medical aid stations, the bodies of the dead were carried behind the front line, and the ranks of the fighters closed again.

We see that people did not want to say goodbye to life. But they overcame fear, kept fighting spirit under flying bullets. This is where courage and perseverance are shown. Argument #2 is ready.

Boris Vasiliev. The story "The Dawns Here Are Quiet"

We continue to consider This time a lesson of courage will be demonstrated to readers by a brave girl during the Great Patriotic War. In this story, Boris Vasiliev writes about a detachment of girls who died, but still managed to win, because they did not let a single enemy warrior into their native land. This victory took place because they wholeheartedly and sincerely loved their Motherland.

Komelkova Evgenia - the heroine of the story. A young, strong and courageous girl from the fighters of the story. Comic and dramatic episodes are associated with her name. In her character, traits of benevolence and optimism, cheerfulness and confidence are manifested. But the most important feature is hatred of the enemy. It is she who attracts the attention of readers, arouses their admiration. Only Zhenya had the courage to call upon himself enemy fire in order to avert a deadly threat from the wounded Rita and Fedot. Not everyone can forget such a lesson in courage.

Boris Polevoy. "A Tale of a Real Man"

We present to your attention another vivid work that tells about the Great Patriotic War, the heroism and firmness of the character of the Soviet pilot Maresyev.

In general, in the arsenal of Boris Polevoy there are many works where the author considers the problem of courage and steadfastness.

Arguments for writing:

In this story, the author writes about the Soviet pilot Maresyev. It so happened that he survived after a plane crash, but was left without legs. This did not prevent him from returning to life. The man put on prosthetic legs. Maresyev again returned to the cause of his life - to flying.

We have considered the problem of courage and perseverance. We have presented the arguments. Good luck on your exam!